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| 4/2023 Review paper Damian Grzegorzewski 1 , Rafał Pawliczak 2
Alergologia Polska – Polish Journal of Allergology 2023; 10, 4: 295–300 Online publish date: 2023/12/15 Article file - Leczenie alergicznego.pdf[0.22 MB] ENWEndNoteBIBJabRef, MendeleyRISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA APA Chicago Harvard MLA Vancouver WprowadzenieJak powszechnie wiadomo, nieżyt nosa, w tym alergiczny, jest łatwy do leczenia i leczą go wszyscy. Standardy a życieZarówno polskie, jak i międzynarodowe standardy zalecają leczenie ANN, nie sugerując preferencji wyboru leku podczas pierwszej wizyty lekarskiej [3–6]. Lekarz i pacjent mogą wybrać dowolny lek z poniższej listy: Typowe problemy związane ze stosowaniem leków donosowychJak wynika z naszych doświadczeń i badań, dość łatwo udaje się jednak namówić pacjenta na stosowanie leku donosowego, szczególnie jeśli jego dotychczasowe doświadczenia z lekami doustnymi nie są zadowalające. Współczesne leki donosowe mają względnie wysoki profil bezpieczeństwa. Są bardzo skuteczne. Niestety, znaczna część pacjentów zgłasza różne uwagi podczas ich stosowania. Dotyczą one przede wszystkim: spływania leku po tylnej ścianie gardła, trudnego do zaakceptowania smaku leku, trudnego do akceptacji zapachu leku (stosunkowo rzadko) i krwawień z nosa. Donosowe leki przeciwhistaminowe. Czy słusznie zostały zapomniane?Donosowe leki przeciwhistaminowe są obecne na rynku od dość dawna. Nie cieszą się jednak dużą popularnością. Są chętnie stosowane przede wszystkim przez pediatrów i alergologów u dzieci. Mają wysoki profil bezpieczeństwa i są tanie oraz wydajne. Niestety, charakteryzuje je zaledwie działanie przeciwhistaminowe. Nie mają więc dużego wpływu na leczenie zatkania nosa, które w ANN jest objawem dominującym, a jednocześnie najtrudniejszym do terapii. Znakomicie poradzą sobie z objawami ANN zależnymi od histaminy, tj. kichaniem, wyciekiem z nosa oraz świądem. Warto zaznczyć w tym miejscu celową indywidualizację terapii, która jest możliwa dzięki tej grupie leków. Część z lekarzy je stosuje, mimo że nie są ani promowane, ani nie zajmują ważnego miejsca w zalecaniach. Co zrobić, jeśli pacjent nie chce lub nie może stosować GKS donosowych i ich kombinacji?Kombinacja leku antyleukotrienowego i leku przeciwhistaminowego podawana doustnie jest zapomnianą, ale bardzo skuteczną metodą w leczeniu ANN. Ocenia się, że jest to postępowanie o zbliżonej skuteczności do donosowych GKS [15]. U pacjentów, u których istnieją bezwzględne przeciwskazania do stosowania GKS donosowych (należy do nich np. perforacja przegrody nosa), można z powodzeniem stosować taką kombinację. Jest ona zresztą zarejestrowana na przykład w USA. Specyficzne podgrupy pacjentówDzieciU dzieci można stosować leki przeciwhistaminowe donosowo, doustnie (w tabletkach samorozpuszczających się, roztworach i kroplach), niektóre już od 6. miesiąca życia, GKS donosowo od 3. roku życia oraz leki antyleukotrienowe od 6. miesiąca życia. Mimo rejestracji, odradza się stosowanie kromonów jako leków nieskutecznych. Oczywiście u dzieci powinno się stosować wyłącznie leki przeciwhistaminowe II generacji. Kobiety ciężarne i karmiąceZdecydowanie największe bezpieczeństwo stosowania mają loratadyna, cetyryzyna oraz budezonid donosowy. Natomiast aktualne stanowisko EAACI wskazuje na możliwość stosowania praktycznie dowolnego leku przeciwhistaminowego II generacji ze względu na dobre bezpieczeństwo tych leków udowodnione w badaniach na zwierzętach [40]. SeniorzyW tej grupie pacjentów należy stosować leki, które nie mają metabolizmu nerkowego, a także takie, które nie są metabolizowane przez CYP-450. Warto też poszukać leku, który ma badania skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa wykonane u seniorów. Podstawowe błędy w diagnostyce i leczeniu alergicznego nieżytu nosaTypowe błędy przedstawiono w tabeli 1. PodsumowanieIstnieje duża przepaść między praktyką a zaleceniami w leczeniu ANN. Zalecenia nie uwzględniają badań typu real-life, nie odnoszą się też (głównie ze względu na brak publikacji lub ich niską jakość) do typowych postępowań lekarzy praktyków leczących ANN. Brakuje dobrych standardów postępowania i algorytmów, szczególnie odnoszących się do leczenia ciężkiego ANN. Niedoceniane są leczenie biologiczne i immunoterapia swoista. Nie ma też zaktualizowanych polskich standardów leczenia ANN. Konflikt interesówD.G. jest pracownikiem Aurovitas Pharma Polska sp. z o.o., praca powstała poza jego obowiązkami jako pracownika. Pracodawca nie miał wpływu na kształt pracy. Prezentowane poglądy są prywatnymi opiniami autora.R.P. nie zgłasza konfliktu interesów. Piśmiennictwo1. Larenas-Linnemann DE, Mayorga-Butrón JL, Maza-Solano J, et al. Global expert views on the diagnosis, classification and pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis in clinical practice using a modified Delphi panel technique. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16: 100800. 2. Colas C, Álvarez-Suárez ME, Benedito-Palos L, Alobid I. Therapeutic management of allergic rhinitis: a survey of otolaryngology and allergology specialists. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280: 3469-74. 3. Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A, et al. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145: 70-80 e3. 4. Emeryk A, Emeryk-Maksymiuk J, Janeczek K. New guidelines for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Adv Dermatol Allergol 2019; 36: 255-60. 5. Cheng L, Chen J, Fu Q, et al. Chinese Society of Allergy Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2018; 10: 300-53. 6. Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 950-8. 7. Scadding GK, Smith PK, Hellings PW. EUFOREA Comment on a Misleading Allergic Rhinitis Report [Letter]. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17: 1881-3. 8. Matricardi PM, Sousa-Pinto B, Dramburg S, Bousquet J. Beyond ARIA: will e-diaries replace retrospective questionnaires in measuring the severity of allergic rhinitis in clinical research and daily practice? Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53: 1004-10. 9. Canonica GW, Klimek L, Acaster S, et al. Burden of allergic rhinitis and impact of MP-AzeFlu from the patient perspective: pan European patient survey. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37: 1259-72. 10. Sikorska-Szaflik H, Sozanska B. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis – children’s and their parents’ perspective in polish urban and rural population. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18: 64. 11. Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, Tan R, et al. A qualitative investigation of the allergic rhinitis network from the perspective of the patient. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2019; 29: 35. 12. Cvetkovski B, Kritikos V, Yan R, et al. Tell me about your hay fever: a qualitative investigation of allergic rhinitis management from the perspective of the patient. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2018; 28: 3. 13. Arsoy G, Varis A, Saloumi LM, et al. Insights on allergic rhinitis management from a northern cyprus perspective and evaluation of the impact of pharmacist-led educational intervention on patients’ outcomes. Medicina (Kaunas) 2018; 54: 83. 14. Canonica GW, Triggiani M, Senna G. 360 degree perspective on allergic rhinitis management in Italy: a survey of GPs, pharmacists and patients. Clin Mol Allergy 2015; 13: 25. 15. Chitsuthipakorn W, Hoang MP, Kanjanawasee D, et al. Combined medical therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: systematic review and meta-analyses. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12: 1480-502. 16. Yang SI, Lee IH, Kim M, et al. KAAACI Allergic Rhinitis Guidelines: Part 1. Update in Pharmacotherapy. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2023; 15: 19-31. 17. Ridolo E, Barone A, Nicoletta F, et al. Intranasal corticosteroid and antihistamine combinations in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: the role of the novel formulation olopatadine/mometasone furoate. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19: 575-84. 18. Lim L, Lipari M, Kale-Pradhan P. Intranasal olopatadine-mometasone in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57: 570-8. 19. Carr WW, Ratner P, Munzel U, et al. Comparison of intranasal azelastine to intranasal fluticasone propionate for symptom control in moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33: 450-8. 20. Debbaneh PM, Bareiss AK, Wise SK, McCoul ED. Intranasal azelastine and fluticasone as combination therapy for allergic rhinitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 161: 412-8. 21. Harrow B, Hofmeister J, Gever LN, et al. Can improved treatment of allergic rhinitis improve workplace productivity? the role of intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate (Dymista). Value Health 2014; 17: A598. 22. Ilyina NI, Edin AS, Astafieva NG, et al. Efficacy of a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate, delivered in a single spray, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: results from Russia. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 178: 255-63. 23. Klimek L, Bousquet J, Price D. Safety evaluation of MP29-02 (a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate) for allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15: 117-29. 24. Meltzer EO, LaForce C, Ratner P, et al. MP29-02 (a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate) in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of efficacy and safety. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33: 324-32. 25. Ridolo E, Montagni M, Melli V, et al. A role for the intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride/fluticasone propionate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ther Deliv 2015; 6: 653-9. 26. Islam N, Irfan M, Zahoor AF, et al. Improved bioavailability of ebastine through development of transfersomal oral films. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13: 1315. 27. Sastre J. Ebastine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria: 30 years of clinical studies and real-world experience. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2020; 30: 156-68. 28. Ciprandi G. Clinical utility and patient adherence with ebastine for allergic rhinitis. Patient Prefer Adherence 2010; 4: 389-95. 29. Sastre J. Ebastine in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy 2008; 63 Suppl 89: 1-20. 30. Roger A, Fortea J, Mora S, Artés M. Patient assessment of onset of action and overall satisfaction with ebastine fast-dissolving tablets in allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2008; 8: 337-42. 31. Lange B, Lukat KF, Rettig K, et al. Efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability of mometasone furoate, levocabastine, and disodium cromoglycate nasal sprays in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 272-82. 32. Doulaptsi M, Wils T, Hellings PW, et al. Mometasone furoate and fluticasone furoate are equally effective in restoring nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14: 100585. 33. Prenner BM, Lanier BQ, Bernstein DI, et al. Mometasone furoate nasal spray reduces the ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 1247-53 e5. 34. Kuna P, Wasiak W, Jones S, Zajc Kreft K. Comparative safety and efficacy of two formulations of mometasone nasal spray in adult seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 332-7. 35. Maspero JF, Walters RD, Wu W, et al. An integrated analysis of the efficacy of fluticasone furoate nasal spray on individual nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010; 31: 483-92. 36. Han D, Liu S, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in Chinese adult and adolescent subjects with intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2011; 32: 472-81. 37. LaForce C, Journeay GE, Miller SD, et al. Ocular safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a 2-year study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111: 45-50. 38. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. Executive summary of EPOS 2020 including integrated care pathways. Rhinology 2020; 58: 82-111. 39. Rapiejko P, Talik P, Jurkiewicz D. New treatment options for acute rhinosinusitis according to EPOS 2020. Otolaryngol Pol 2021; 76: 29-39. 40. Pfaller B, Bendien S, Ditisheim A, Eiwegger T. Management of allergic diseases in pregnancy. Allergy 2022; 77: 798-811. Copyright: © Polish Society of Allergology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. |
Allergic rhinitis treatment – (mind the gap) between guidelines and the practice (2025)
Table of Contents
Damian Grzegorzewski 1 , Rafał Pawliczak 2
Wprowadzenie
Standardy a życie
Typowe problemy związane ze stosowaniem leków donosowych
Donosowe leki przeciwhistaminowe. Czy słusznie zostały zapomniane?
Co zrobić, jeśli pacjent nie chce lub nie może stosować GKS donosowych i ich kombinacji?
Specyficzne podgrupy pacjentów
Podstawowe błędy w diagnostyce i leczeniu alergicznego nieżytu nosa
Podsumowanie
Konflikt interesów
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